By JONATHAN ROSENBLUMjonathanrosenblum88(photo credit: )
Marc Hauser and Peter Singer, professor of psychology at Harvard and professor of bioethics at Princeton respectively, recently sought to prove in these pages that our sense of morality is the result of evolution, and has nothing to do with God ("Godless morality," January 8). They succeeded instead only in confirming suspicions that much of evolutionary psychology (or sociobiology, as it is variously known) is pseudo-science and an Ivy League education is grossly overpriced.
Hauser and Singer's arguments are part of a larger effort to employ evolutionary psychology to refute religious belief. The very ubiquity of belief in spiritual beings - souls, an afterlife - it is argued, is ipso facto proof that these beliefs have their roots in human evolution. Hauser/Singer, for instance, posed three moral questions to people. Based on the uniformity of answers in over 90 percent of the cases, regardless of religiosity, they conclude that moral intuitions have nothing to do with religious belief but are generated by evolution.
Writing in Atlantic Monthly, Paul Bloom, a Yale professor of psychology and linguistics, cites experiments showing that even infants attribute agency and intention to animate objects. That ability is crucial to the development of social understanding. But, according to Bloom, the innate genetic tendency to see agency also causes human beings to see design in the universe where none exists.
Responding to Bloom's article, one reader shared the brilliant explanation given by his college anthropology professor for the development of a "God-gene": primitive people who buried their dead in order to prepare them for entry into an afterlife lived in more sanitary conditions and thus were favored by natural selection.
And Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon by Tufts University professor Daniel Dennett is a virtual compendium of this type of argument.
THE FIRST thing to note in response is that common moral intuitions, as well as a near ubiquitous belief in a power beyond oneself, are precisely what Torah Jews would predict. All mankind is obligated to observe seven Noachide laws, even in the absence of Divine revelation. That obligation assumes knowledge of these laws to be innate. And if God breathed into man a part of Himself, as it were, it is also natural that every human being would have some awareness of Him, no matter how obscure.
More telling is how little the "scientific" attacks on religion and morality have to do with science. They derive rather from what Leon Wieseltier, in his New York Times review of Dennett's book, terms "scientism: the view that science can explain all human conditions and expressions" - a view Wieseltier rightly terms one of the "dominant superstitions of our day."
Note how little in the way of scientific proof the evolutionists and their allies require. The human genome project has not, as far as I know, uncovered a "God-gene" that would predict how likely one is to be religious.
The questions asked by Hauser and Singer, for instance, hardly test the outer limits of moral reasoning: Must one save a drowning baby if one will get one's pants wet in the process? May we kill someone to harvest his organs and save five others?
Moreover, comparing answers to moral dilemmas hardly establishes that religious belief makes no difference in a person's life. The true test of that proposition lies not in the area of values, which are merely professed, but in that of virtues, which must be laboriously attained. The litmus test would be how one behaves in situations in which one's professed values run up against powerful desires.
Each of the proofs against the claims of religion is based on the a-priori assumption that ubiquity is proof of evolutionary origins. As Dennett puts it: "Everything we value... we value for reasons. Lying behind, and distinct from, our reasons are evolutionary reasons..."
That's a philosophical position, not a scientific theory.
For those convinced of that position a story, any story, will do to establish the evolutionary advantage. Starting with the claim that human beings are born with a tendency to see everywhere "agents with beliefs and desires," Dennett constructs an entire speculative history of the development of religion. But as Wieseltier points out, all this is only "a fairy tale told by evolutionary biology," that amounts, for all Dennett's professed allegiance to experimentation and evidence, to merely "a pious account of his own atheistic longing."
The evolutionists accuse believers, in Bloom's words, of "over-read[ing] purpose into things." But they are guilty of finding evolution behind every social phenomenon. The "legendary curiosity [of evolutionary psychology]," writes Wieseltier, "somehow always discovers the same thing."
BELIEVERS ATTRIBUTE will and intention to an unseen Creator; sociobiologists attribute will not to beings but to individual genes or even gene pools. Confronted with altruistic behavior, such as animals that warn the larger herd of nearby predators, and thereby expose themselves to great danger, they posit an "altruism gene, " which albeit dangerous for the bearer is advantageous for the common gene pool of the herd.
Darwinian evolution is not only the club with which Singer and Hauser attempt to disprove any connection between religion and morality. It is the basis for the superior morality which Singer hopes will supplant our allegedly evolved moral intuitions. Humans, like all animals, are, in Singer's view, nothing more than the product of random evolution. We possess no special sanctity, no souls, and have no superior claims to animals. Humans and animals are both nothing more than bundles of various pleasures, and all pleasures are equal. Thus Singer appears to see nothing wrong with bestiality (though his treatment of consent remains murky).
A newborn baby has less claim to life than a contented house cat, according to Singer. And the scope of those whom this son of Auschwitz survivors would see subject to euthanasia is wide - not only Downs syndrome babies, but even those with hemophilia, if their death would result in the parents producing a more perfect baby.
So much for the higher morality of Singer's brave new world. Evolutionary psychology, it turns out, is not only silly but dangerous.
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