The sophisticated northern city of Tzipori is the site of our second feature on Israel's best archeological sites.
By AVIVA BAR-AMTzipori citadel 224 88(photo credit: Shmuel Bar-Am)
In the year 67, Tzipori watched in somber silence from across the valley as the town of Yodfat went up in smoke. Yodfat, the first Galilean city to seriously resist the Romans during the Great Revolt, had been soundly trounced. Tzipori, on the other hand, had stubbornly refused to participate. Her attitude was understandable, perhaps, for 63 years earlier when Tzipori residents had tried rebelling against Roman rule, their lovely city had been destroyed.
Following that early Tzipori revolt, King Herod's son Antipas had restored the city to its former beauty. And, while he was at it, Antipas added a small amphitheater and an intricate underground water system. Now, blessed with plenty of water, fertile fields flowing with milk and honey and lovely homes, Tzipori hoped to remain at peace with the Romans. Or, perhaps, it was afraid to risk everything it had by joining the revolt. And, whatever the reason, Tzipori remained untouched.
Tzipori sat on a hill 292 meters above sea level, towering over the Beit Netufa Valley below. Its climate was perfect, for even in summer the city remained cool as sweet breezes blew softly through the trees. Its name reflected its situation: the Babylonian Talmud notes that it "sat at the top of the hill like a bird" (tzipor).
The most famous of Tzipori's residents was Rabbi Yehuda Hanasi, tall, handsome, and extremely well-connected. One of the greatest Jewish sages of all time, it is said that he was born on the day that Rabbi Akiva was flogged to death by the Romans for his part in the Bar Kochba Revolt ("the sun rises and the sun sets and hurries back to where it rises," Jewish sources quoting Ecclesiastes 1:5).
Yehuda Hanasi, known simply as "Rebbi," lived in Beit She'arim and reigned as president of the Sanhedrin (Jewish courts). When his health began to fail, the Roman Emperor Antoninus granted him land in Tzipori. Taking with him his fellow sages, Rebbi set up house in Tzipori, a lovely city where Jews and pagans lived together in peace.
It was in Tzipori, at the end of the third century, that the eminent rabbi edited a compilation of Jewish traditional literature and Oral Law known as the Mishna. Considered the second most important book in Judaism (after the Torah), the Mishna shaped, and continues to shape, all aspects of Jewish life everywhere.
No wonder, then, that on the day that Rebbi breathed his last people thronged to the city to mourn him and follow him to his grave. The Talmud tells us that many miracles occurred on that fateful day, a Shabbat eve. It seems that the sun stood still until every mourner returned home. And only after each one had cooked his fish, filled a jar with water and lit his lamp did the sun sink in the Heavens and Shabbat commence.
Despite its indisputable importance, there was little to see at the site of ancient Tzipori until the early 1980s. Although small-scale excavations were carried out during the British Mandate, and remains of a Roman theater were discovered, no effort was made to find the rest of the famous Jewish city. Indeed, the hill on which it stood was completely covered with dirt, brush, and fruit trees left from the hostile Arab village that stood nearby until 1948.
When serious digs finally began, archeologists could hardly believe the result: not only did the ancient city sport a theater, but one that was well-preserved. Unique mosaics were uncovered in several parts of the site along with entire neighborhoods, a market street and the marvelous underground water system.
Today ancient Tzipori is one of the most exciting national parks in the country. When you visit, you follow a wide Roman Cardo to marvelous extensive fifth-century mosaics illustrating the Nile River Festival and Amazon warriors. If you look down at your feet you will see crevices made by chariot wheels and, carved into the stones, a menora and games played by children long ago.
Here at Tzipori you will walk atop the very stones which emperors used to tread on their way to the theater, and sit in the seats from which they watched their performances. Then head for a little lane that led to a neighborhood high upon the hill. Possibly, considering the unusual concentration of ritual baths (mikvaot) discovered here, these would be the homes of very Orthodox residents - perhaps even the High Priests who left Jerusalem after the destruction of the Temple and moved to Tzipori.
An (air-conditioned) Crusader citadel restored by Daher el-Omer, who ruled Israel in the 18th century, features an exquisite museum of Tzipori artifacts. Then climb up to the rooftop for a fabulous view of the region.
Back on the ground, you will enter an exclusive villa featuring the breathtakingly beautiful mosaic dubbed the Mona Lisa of the Galilee. That portrait is part of an enormous mosaic floor in what could very well have been Rebbi's home. It certainly belonged to someone very important: a rare find was the ancient toilet outside of the salon!
After the Second Temple was destroyed in 70 CE, synagogues became the center of Jewish life - as they are today. During the period in which Rebbi resided in Tzipori there were 18 (!) synagogues in the city, none of which has yet been discovered.
The fifth-century synagogue that you can visit almost makes up for this, however, for the mosaic floor is absolutely magnificent. Be sure to read the excellent explanations.
Finally, move out of the main area and walk out of the city itself to wander through tunnels in the city's ancient water system.
Shabbat hours: 8-5; eves of Shabbat: 8-4. Tel.: (04) 656-8272Many thanks to Yehuda Zusman from nearby Mitzpe Hoshaya for his fascinating guided tour of Tzipori.
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