A new model allows scientists to test drugs and develop therapies to prevent viruses that target the human nervous system.
By JUDY SIEGEL-ITZKOVICHDoctors perform surgery(photo credit: COURTESY SZMC)
The red, itchy rash caused by varicella-zoster – the virus that causes chickenpox – usually disappears within a week or two. But once infection occurs, the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) remains dormant in the nervous system, awaiting a signal that causes this “sleeper” virus to be re-activated in the form of an extremely unpleasant but common disease – herpes zoster, or shingles.In a study recently published in PLOS Pathogens , Bar-Ilan University scientists report on a novel experimental model that for the first time successfully mimics the “sleeping” and “waking” of VZV. Based on neurons generated from human embryonic stem cells and not requiring the use of experimental animals, the model allows scientists to test drugs and develop therapies to prevent shingles. It may also contribute to the fight against other viruses – such as herpes and polio – that target the human nervous system.“Most adults harbor latent VZV in their nervous system – a ‘souvenir’ from a bout with childhood chickenpox,” says Prof. Ronald Goldstein, a member of BIU’s Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences. “In one-third of people over 50, or in those with weakened immune systems, VZV reactivation triggers the localized rash, itchiness and pain of shingles. In a third of these cases, however, shingles symptoms are far more serious, causing debilitating pain that can last for months or even years.”Goldstein explained that while an anti-shingles vaccine exists, it provides effective protection in only half of cases and cannot be given to immune-compromised patients – such as transplant recipients – who are at particularly high risk for shingles onset.The new model, which makes it possible to establish stable, latent-state VZV in neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), was created by Amos Marcus, a doctoral student in Goldstein’s lab. A major contributor to the model is Prof. Paul Kinchington of the departments of ophthalmology and microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh with whom Goldstein has been collaborating closely for the past five years. An authority on the genetic modification of VZV, Kinchington made key discoveries about proteins involved in the virus’s activity.The significance of this advance is in its potential impact on biomedical research; the model makes it possible to experimentally trigger reactivation of the dormant virus, characterize the molecular processes involved and identify potential targets for shingles-prevention therapies.“We have now demonstrated hESC-derived neurons can host VZV in its dormant state in a petri dish for a period of up to seven weeks,” Goldstein said, adding that dormant infections were achieved using two different methods. In the first, neurons were exposed to small amounts of viral material together with anti-viral drugs. In the second method, a drug-free micro-fluidic setup allowed the controlled infection of neural axons, something that more closely mimics the uptake of VZV by the human nervous system in chicken pox.“Once the infection took place, fluorescent markers allowed us to differentiate between those neurons with an active viral infection and those in which the virus was present, but was not actively spreading,” Goldstein continues. “The green-glowing cells, which were infected with dormant VZV, became our target. Our goal was to break down the cellular defenses that keep VZV quiescent – essentially, to wake up the virus as a way of modeling what happens when latent VZV wakes up and attacks the body in the form of shingles.”Goldstein added that shingles is frequently associated with the some immune-compromising, system-shocking event – a linkage he has incorporated into his cell-based, experimental platform.“Shock causes our bodies’ natural defenses to falter – whether the shock is a physical event like surgery, a ski accident, or even an emotional event, like divorce,” Gold - stein says. “We therefore ‘shocked’ the dormant virus into action by introducing events that caused the sleeping virus to wake up and become active. For VZV, this is the first time that such re-activation has been achieved in a laboratory environment.”A key factor in VZV reactivation revealed by the study was the critical role of temperature.“At first, we had difficulty obtaining a robust reactivation in tissue culture,” Goldstein says. “We then remembered that in both chicken pox and shingles, viral replication takes place in blisters on the surface of the skin, not in internal organs. To more accurately mimic the re-activation process as it occurs in the body, we cooled our dormantly infected human neurons down to 34 degrees Celsius – three degrees lower than normal internal body temperature. We found that, under these cooler conditions, VZV reactivation proceeded at a much more rapid pace, with many more neurons affected.The current model builds on previous work in which Goldstein – a former president of the Israel Stem Cell Society who was the first researcher to successfully coax hESCs into generating human peripheral sensory neurons – showed that hESC-derived neurons can host active VZV infectious. In these earlier studies, Goldstein also produced microscopic movies showing – for the first time – how VZV rapidly takes up residence within living human neurons in culture, just as it does in children with chicken pox. Now, by creating an experimental model that mimics the transition between latency and active infection, Goldstein and his colleagues have taken another important step forward.“We hope to use this model to develop a therapeutic method based on gene editing, which would prevent the virus from waking up and causing shingles,” he said. “Such a method could be used in the treatment of patients with a higher risk of shingles, such as people whose immunity has been compromised due to trauma, disease or immunosuppressant therapies.”Goldstein points out that for the past 20 years, chicken pox vaccinations used in the West have contained live virus that can, and has, reactivated to cause shingles. The new model, in addition to providing an experimental platform for the development of a safer VZV vaccine and genetic therapies to prevent shingles, may also be useful for testing drugs and genetic engineering strategies designed to combat any virus that attacks the human nervous system.