In The Unknown Soldier, German director Michael Verhoeven sees exhibit as litmus test of German willingness to confront past.
By TOM TUGENDunknown film 88 224(photo credit: Courtesy)
Germans today will acknowledge the wartime atrocities of Hitler's Waffen SS units, but many insist that the regular army Wehrmacht soldiers fought and behaved honorably. It's not difficult to understand the rationale. In the light of overwhelming evidence, Germans, like Americans after Mai Lai or Abu Ghraib, can confess to the brutality and sadism of some of their "untypical" countrymen in uniform.
But to admit that one's caring father or grandfather, whose photo rests on the bookshelf, enjoyed massacring helpless civilians is so wrenching a thought as to mobilize every psychological self-defense mechanism.
These defenses were put to an excruciating test in 1999, when the Wehrmacht Exhibition opened in Munich, the cradle of Nazism, and went on to tour major German cities in the following five years.
Included in the exhibit were photos and letters which ordinary Wehrmacht soldiers on the Russian front had sent to the folks at home, much as tourists might mail pictures of exotic landmarks and colorful natives.
But these pictures and film snippets showed grinning German GIs posing with the lynched bodies of civilians, or playfully cutting off the beards of Jews, or mowing down groups of naked women.
Wherever it went, the exhibit triggered demonstrations, not only by skinheads but also respectable burghers, who refused to believe what they had seen and claimed the photos and footage had been manufactured by Russian propagandists.
In The Unknown Soldier, German director Michael Verhoeven sees the exhibit as a litmus test of German willingness to confront the past, a theme he has examined earlier in The White Rose and The Nasty Girl.
Verhoeven shows some excruciating material from the exhibit itself, but the film focuses mainly on the reactions of German historians, veterans and ordinary citizens to the indictment of widespread national guilt.
Some of the dramatic scenes are from street demonstrations against the exhibit and the intense emotions have been revived by the release of the film.
In choosing the film's title, Verhoeven played with an incendiary double meaning. The Unknown Soldier is, of course, among every nation's
revered icons, but in this case, the title also refers to the unknown crimes of the German fallen and surviving veterans.
Verhoeven records that he is frequently confronted by critics who ask, "Did I know of any other people besides the Germans who would defile their own soldiers who fought for their country?"
The director responds, "I am not searching for ready answers. Each country has its own history. And I'll stick to mine."
Besides its emotional impact, the film cites some facts from German archives well worth noting.
While we tend to link the Holocaust to Auschwitz and other death camps, some 40 percent of victims were killed in individual and mass shootings.
Among some four million Russian prisoners of war taken by the German Wehrmacht in the early stages of the war, and who never returned, half were killed almost instantly, and the other half died within nine months. Even here, Jewish POWs were separated from their comrades and shot first.
However, the film's damning indictment of the Wehrmacht is that in all Nazi occupied areas, the regular army's officers were in command and had the authority to support or block the SS death squads. With very few exceptions, Wehrmacht commanders gave the SS the green light.
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