Immigrants from Holocaust regions have higher suicide rates
A new study conducted by the University of Haifa found that Jews who fled from countries where most of the Jewish population perished in the Holocaust were more likely to commit suicide.
By JUDY SIEGELCommemorative candles to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day(photo credit: REUTERS)
A University of Haifa study has found that Jews who managed to immigrate to Palestine from countries where most of the Jewish population was murdered during the Holocaust – such as Germany, Austria, Poland, and Greece – show the highest suicide rates.People who managed to leave Europe between 1939 and 1945 and enter Eretz Yisrael despite British limitations may have expected a safe refuge, but they found themselves facing persecution once again during the period before independence, said Dr. Cendrine Bursztein Lipsicas, one of the authors of the study.“This situation may have contributed to the higher risk of suicide among this group,” she added. An academic debate continues regarding the psychological effects of the Holocaust and whether the Holocaust is responsible for a higher risk of suicide among survivors. “In the past, some studies found that Holocaust survivors are actually stronger in physical and mental terms, while others found that survivors face more negative psychological effects.”In a series of studies, Prof. Stephen Levine and Prof. Itzhak Levav of the university’s community mental health department – together with other researchers – attempted to examine the impact of exposure to the Holocaust in various areas, such as suicide and schizophrenia. The unique aspect of these studies is that they focused on two sub-groups liable to be at particularly high risk – people who experienced the entire Holocaust (as distinct from those who immigrated to Palestine during the Holocaust); and people exposed to the Holocaust at different ages, including those exposed in the womb, among others.The present study, in which Bursztein Lipsicas was a partner, divided the research population into subjects who lived in countries where more than 70% of the Jews were murdered (such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Greece, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, and Poland) and those from countries such as Denmark, France, and Romania (where fewer than half of the Jews were murdered).These two groups were then divided again into those who experienced the entire Holocaust before reaching Eretz Yisrael and those who immigrated during the Holocaust. The control group in the study were individuals who came from Europe before anti-Semitic activities began in their country of origin but who had social or family connections with others who were exposed to the Holocaust. With help from the Interior Ministry, the study included a total of 209,249 people who immigrated to Israel through 1965.The findings found only one group that shows a higher risk of suicide – those who immigrated during the Holocaust from countries where over 70% of the Jews were annihilated. The suicide risk among this group was almost twice that of the control group. In all the other groups, no differences were found by comparison to those who immigrated to Israel before the beginning of World War II.This is not the first time that researchers have identified a higher suicide risk among individuals who immigrated to Israel during the Holocaust. Last year, the researchers published a study that found that the suicide risk among women who immigrated to Israel during the Holocaust was 4.6 times higher than among women in the control group. The researchers suggest that the gap between these women’s success in fleeing the Holocaust and their clear awareness of the cruel fate that awaited those who did not manage to escape may activate psychological mechanisms that increase the risk of suicide.“It is possible that the trauma that resulted from the terrible violence they had witnessed, together with their escape, led to serious feelings of guilt and helplessness. This may raise the risk of suicide even decades after the exposure to the terrible events. Our studies show that Holocaust survivors cannot be treated as a homogeneous population when it comes to psychological contexts such as the risk of suicide or mental illness,” the researchers concluded.
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