‘And I shall be sanctified in the midst of the children of Israel’ (Leviticus 22:32).
By SHLOMO RISKINPitcure from the Parsha (photo credit: Israel Weiss (weisssi@bezeqint.net))
The portion of Emor opens with a strange commandment to the kohanim-priests of Israel: “And the Lord said to Moses, ‘Say to the priests children of Aaron, and tell them: “Do not defile yourself by contact with the dead of the nation”’” (Leviticus 21:1). The Bible goes on to delineate the only dead with whom the kohen may have contact: his wife, his mother, his father, his son, his daughter, his brother and his unmarried sister.Judaism is not chiefly concerned with death and the hereafter, rather it is principally engaged with life in the here-and-now. Our major religious question is not how to ease the transition from this world to the next, but how to improve and repair our own society. What does seem strange, however, is that our same portion goes on to command: “You shall not desecrate the name of my holiness; I shall be sanctified in the midst of the children of Israel” (Lev. 22:32).Our talmudic sages derive from this verse the necessity of sacrificing one’s life – sanctifying the name of God – for the sake of the commandments of the Bible. Jews must give up their lives rather than transgress any of the three major prohibitions of murder, sexual immorality or adultery, and, in times of persecution, Jews must die rather than publicly transgress even the simplest or most “minor” of Jewish laws, even a Jewish custom involving our shoelaces (B.T. Sanhedrin 74a,b) Our Talmudic Sages insist, however, that when Jews are not being persecuted, it is forbidden for Jews to forfeit their lives in order not to desecrate Shabbat, for better they desecrate one Shabbat and remain alive to keep many Shabbatot. Then why command martyrdom at all? And the truth is that our history is filled with the many sacred martyrs who gave up their lives in sanctification of the Divine Name.The answer lies in the very juxtaposition of the law of priestly defilement emphasizing the importance of life, and the law of martyrdom enjoining death, within the very same biblical portion. Yes, preservation of life is crucial and this world is the focus of the Jewish concern – but not life merely for the sake of breathing. Living, and not merely existing, means devoting one’s life to ideals and values that are more important than any individual life. One enables one’s life to participate in eternity by dedicating it to the eternal values that will eventually repair the world and establish a more perfect society.Hence we must value and elevate life, improve and enable this world, but always within the perspective of those principles which will lead us to redemption. Yes, “live by these [My laws],” but eternal life can only be achieved by a dedication which includes the willingness to sanctify God’s name with martyrdom, albeit only under very extreme circumstances.But how can we justify martyrdom, even if only during periods of persecution, for the sake of a Jewish custom referring to our shoelaces? What can there possibly be about a shoelace which strikes at the heart and essence of our Jewish mission? The talmudic commentary of the French and German sages of the 11th and 12th centuries, when many Jews were martyred by the Crusaders, suggest that the general custom in Rome and its numerous colonies during the second century was to wear white shoelaces. Jews, however, wore black shoelaces, as a memorial to the loss of our Holy Temple and the disappearance of Jewish national sovereignty. When gentiles in times of persecution attempted to force Jews to wear white shoelaces – and thereby force the Jewish community to cease mourning for the loss of our national homeland – the Jew must respond with martyrdom (B.T. Sanhedrin 74b, Tosafot ad loc).My revered teacher Rav Joseph B. Solovetchik added one crucial point: Among the many Jewish laws, decrees and customs which have developed from biblical times to the present, the Jews themselves do not always realize which are truly vital for our national and religious preservation. The gentiles who are persecuting us, on the other hand, always do, because they – wishing to destroy us – strike at the jugular. Hence whatever they insist we abandon, we must maintain even at the price of our lives! From this perspective, it becomes easier to understand why when anti-Semitism expresses itself in unfair attacks on the State of Israel, the double standard of condemning us while championing the cause of our non-democratic enemies, we should focus on how crucial and vital the State of Israel is for Jewish survival today.The memorials of Holocaust Remembrance Day and Remembrance Day for the Fallen of Israel’s Wars quickly followed by Independence Day and Jerusalem Day must remind us that Israel is not merely a destination but is truly destiny. Israel is not only the means of our survival, but it is also our mission for world salvation, from whence the word of God, a God of life, love and peace – will spread to all of humanity.Shabbat shalom The writer is the founder and chancellor of Ohr Torah Stone colleges and graduate programs, currently celebrating their 30th anniversary, and is chief rabbi of Efrat.
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