New technique improves properties of superconductors
Israeli scientists at the Weizmann Institute and Hebrew University have made new discoveries.
By JUDY SIEGEL-ITZKOVICHHEALTH & SCIENCE(photo credit: JPOST STAFF)
Weizmann Institute of Science and Hebrew University researchers have made the first direct visual observation and measurement of ultra-fast vortex dynamics in superconductors. They say their technique, detailed in the journal Nature Communications, could contribute to the development of novel practical applications by optimizing superconductor properties for use in electronics.Superconductivity is a state of matter in which an electric current can flow with absolutely no resistance. This occurs when certain materials are cooled below a critical temperature.The effect is useful for various applications, from magnetically levitating trains to MRI machines and particle accelerators. It also sparks the imagination with thoughts of lossless power transfer and much faster computation.However, superconductivity is usually suppressed in the presence of magnetic fields, limiting the ability to use these materials in real-life applications. A certain family of superconductors, called type 2, can withstand much higher values of magnetic fields. This is due to their ability to allow the magnetic field to thread through the material in a quantized manner, in a local tubular-shaped form called a vortex. Unfortunately, in the presence of electric currents these vortices experience a force and may begin to move. Motion of vortices allows for electrical resistance, which, again, poses an obstacle for applications.Understanding when and how vortices will move or remain localized is the focus of much scientific research. Until now, addressing the physics of fast-moving vortices experimentally has proven extremely challenging, mainly because of the lack of adequate tools.Now an international team of researchers, led by Prof. Eli Zeldov from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot and Dr. Yonathan Anahory at HU’s Racah Institute of Physics, has shown for the first time how these vortices move in superconducting materials and how fast they may travel. They used a novel microscopy technique called scanning SQUID-on-tip, which allows magnetic imaging at unprecedented high resolution (about 50 nanometers) and magnetic sensitivity.The technique was developed over the past decade at the Weizmann Institute by a large team including Ph.D. students Lior Embon and Ella Lachman and is currently being implemented at HU in Anahory’s lab as well.Using this microscope, they observed vortices flowing through a thin superconducting film at rates of tens of GHz and traveling at velocities much faster than previously thought possible — up to about 72,000 kilometers an hour. This is not only much faster than the speed of sound, but also exceeds the pair-breaking speed limit of superconducting condensate – meaning that a vortex can travel 50 times faster than the speed limit of the supercurrent that drives it. This would be like driving an object to travel around the Earth in just over 30 minutes.In photos and videos shown for the first time, the vortex trajectories appear as smeared lines crossing from one side of the film to another. This is similar to the blurring of images in photographs of fast-moving objects. They show a tree-like structure with a single stem that undergoes a series of bifurcations into branches. This channel flow is quite surprising since vortices normally repel each other and try to spread out as much as possible. Here vortices tend to follow each other, which generates the tree-like structure.“This work offers an insight into the fundamental physics of vortex dynamics in superconductors, crucial for many applications,” said Dr. Lior Embon, who was, at the time, the student in charge of this study.“These findings can be essential for further development of superconducting electronics, opening new challenges for theories and experiments in the yet unexplored range of very high electromagnetic fields and currents.”COMPATIBLE CARPOOLERS FOR RIDESHARING SUCCESSEnsuring that would-be carpoolers are riding with people they actually like could potentially decrease car use by nearly 60%, research from a professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada has found. The study, recently published in Transportation Research Part C, used social media analytics, algorithms and computer simulation to match would-be carpoolers with people driving to work.“Carpooling is usually about just matching people depending on geographical location and time of schedule,” said management engineering Prof. Bissan Ghaddar, who headed the study. “We wanted to include the social aspect into the equation, because it’s always awkward when there is silence in the car, especially if it’s a long commute. We believed that we really needed to look at the social aspect, and our initial data analysis agreed with us.”In compiling the study, Ghaddar worked with colleagues at IBM and two universities in Italy to analyze the Twitter feeds of potential carpoolers, looking for insights into their personal interests.They then examined the users’ social circles to see if they followed like-minded friends or sought out people with different views and fed that information into a computer algorithm designed to match carpoolers based on their geo-tagged location, time preferences as well as their personalities.As a final step, they simulated the impact of their matchmaking using real-world data from Rome and San Francisco. They found that if carpoolers are compatible, people’s satisfaction significantly increased and car use dropped by 57% in the Rome and by 40% in San Francisco.“This could be a system that could put a dent in gridlock, reduce pollution and make commuting to work more enjoyable,” said Ghaddar. “As a carpooler myself, I can’t overestimate the importance of compatibility.”STORYBOOK ILLUSTRATIONS AFFECT KIDS’ WORD LEARNINGNew research shows that the number of illustrations presented in a storybook can influence preschool children’s ability to learn words from shared reading. The study of three and a half year olds shows that children learn significantly fewer words from storybooks with double-page illustrations compared with story books with single spreads.This effect can be removed, however, if the person reading the book to the child gestures to the appropriate page when reading.The findings may help shape future storybook research design and provide a stark reminder that less is sometimes more.“Preschool children love hearing stories, but because they do not yet read themselves, they sometimes don’t know where to look. As this study shows, it’s important to guide children with pointing and gestures if we want to use storybooks to help children learn words,” said Dr. Jessica Horst, co-author of the Infant and Child Development study.
