Hundreds of thousands of protesters marched through Amsterdam on Sunday, calling for the Dutch government to take a tougher stance against Israel.
Organisers estimated that around 250,000 people joined the demonstration - a figure supported by local police. Most wore red to signal their support for a symbolic "red line" against Israel's operations in Gaza.
The 'red line march' followed a similar massive protest in The Hague in May, and was planned weeks ahead of the announcement by US President Donald Trump of his plan to end the war. The PAX Netherlands organisers said they hoped for peace in Gaza, but added that Trump's plan had not changed their resolve.
Protesters of all ages joined a 3.7-mile march through the Dutch capital, waving Palestinian flags, chanting "Free, free Palestine" and carrying signs reading "Israel shame on you!” and "we are not free until Gaza is free”.
"We are here to condemn everything that is happening in Gaza," said 27-year old Emilia Rivero, who travelled from the central city of Utrecht. "I feel this is the least we can do."
Organisers said the Dutch government was not doing enough to facilitate the end of the Israel-Hamas War, and demanded action from politicians, just over three weeks before the Netherlands heads to the polls for a general election on October 29.
"We want our government to put pressure on the Israeli government, to make sure that there is a ceasefire," PAX Netherlands director Rolien Sasse told Reuters.
Dutch government shifts stance on Israel
Since the May rally, the Dutch government has changed its stance on Israel, imposing travel bans on two far-right Israeli cabinet ministers in July, accusing them of inciting violence.
Last month, the government said it planned to ban imports of goods produced in the West Bank and has supported the European Commission's plans to suspend trade-related measures in a European Union agreement with Israel.
Meanwhile, the leader of the largest party in parliament, anti-Muslim populist Geert Wilders, has repeatedly voiced unwavering support for Israel.