Russia reopened its biggest gas pipeline to Germany at less than half normal capacity on Thursday after a maintenance shutdown, raising worries of European energy shortages to come, while in Ukraine shells smashed into a market, killing three people.
The resumption of gas flows via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline to Germany ended a nerve-jangling 10 days for Europe in which politicians expressed concern Russia might keep it shut altogether after closing it for repairs.
But with the flows still cut back, Germany's economy minister, Robert Habeck, accused Russia of blackmailing Europe over energy. The Kremlin denied that and blamed Europe for causing disruption with sanctions which had complicated the pipeline's maintenance.
Nearly five months since Russia invaded Ukraine, the prospect of disruption of European energy supplies is one of the biggest global economic and political risks arising from the war. European countries fear they could face shortages next winter if Russia cuts back deliveries during warm months when they typically replenish storage tanks.
"(President Vladimir) Putin's goal is to unsettle, drive up prices, divide society and weaken the support for Ukraine," Habeck said. "We don't bow to it but counteract this with concentrated and consistent action. We take precautions so that we can get through the winter."
Blood and fire
Inside Ukraine, Kyiv has accused the Russians of stepping up strikes on cities in recent weeks in a deliberate attempt to terrorize its population. Moscow denies deliberately attacking civilians and says all its targets are military.
In Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-biggest city, shells struck a crowded market. A woman sobbed over the body of her husband lying near a stall while a couple tried to comfort her. Other residents stood around the bloodstained marketplace looking stunned.
"We saw people drenched in blood. We saw people on fire,"
Khaibar Karimi, local entrepreneur
"We saw people drenched in blood. We saw people on fire," local entrepreneur Khaibar Karimi said. "We helped with bringing the wounded to the subway. The smoke was very thick. There were many wounded on the street."
The regional prosecutor’s office said three people were killed and 23 wounded in the shelling of two districts. The chief of Kharkiv national police, Volodymyr Tymoshko, said there were no military targets nearby.
The main frontlines have been largely frozen since Russian forces seized the last two Ukrainian-held cities in eastern Luhansk province in huge battles in late June and early July.
But Russia is shelling neighboring Donetsk province in what Ukraine says is preparation for a potential new advance there. Russia aims to fully capture all of Donetsk and Luhansk on behalf of its separatist proxies.
Donetsk regional governor, Pavlo Kyrylenko, said Russian missile strikes had destroyed two schools in the Ukrainian-held cities of Kramatorsk and Kostiantynivka and had also hit the city of Bakhmut but there was no information yet on casualties.
"Only now, now that my teeth are chattering from fear, did I decide to leave," Lidia, a 64-year-old resident of the eastern town of Soledar, told Reuters as she boarded a train in the town of Pokrovsk late on Wednesday, fleeing the fighting in Donetsk province.
"What should I wait for, for my head to be hit by shelling?"
Kateryna, who was traveling with her children, said she fled the town of Sievierodonetsk before it was captured by Russian forces.
"To abandon your house is the worst thing ever. I feel empty," she said. "How are we going to keep on living?"
Russia said its forces had destroyed the headquarters of Ukraine's SBU intelligence service in Kramatorsk and had shot down a Ukrainian SU-25 military plane nearby. It said it had also hit Ukrainian artillery positions and arms depots near Kostiantynivka.
Russia says it uses high precision weapons against military targets, but the war has flattened cities, particularly in Russian-speaking areas in the east and southeast of Ukraine.
Reducing gas demand
Germany unveiled measures to reduce gas demand, including suspending minimum temperature requirements in apartment rental contracts and dipping into Germany's coal reserves.
Nord Stream 1 has traditionally carried more than a third of Russia's gas exports to Europe.
"In view of the missing 60% and the political instability, there is no reason yet to give the all-clear," said Klaus Mueller, president of Germany's network regulator. Other countries in Europe, including France, Austria and the Czech republic, would also be affected, the regulator said.
The European Commission has proposed that member countries cut gas use by 15% to prepare for possible supply cuts, though some governments have resisted that plan.
Moscow says it sent troops to Ukraine to root out nationalists and prevent NATO using Ukraine to threaten Russia. Kyiv and its allies call it an unprovoked war of conquest.
Ukraine hopes Western weapons, especially longer-range missiles such as U.S. HIMARS which Kyiv has deployed in recent weeks, will allow it to retake Russian-occupied territory.
Ben Wallace, Britain's defense minister, said London would send scores of artillery guns, more than 1,600 anti-tank weapons and hundreds of drones to Ukraine.
British military intelligence said Russian forces were probably closing in on Ukraine's second biggest power plant at Vuhlehirska, in Donetsk province.
It said taking the Soviet-era coal-fired plant seemed like part of an attempt to advance toward Kramatorsk and Sloviansk, the main Ukrainian-held cities in the province.
Vitaly Kim, governor of the southern Mykolaiv region, said the region had been hit with seven S-300 missiles. One person had been wounded, he said, and infrastructure damaged.
Several blasts were also heard in the Russian-controlled southern region of Kherson overnight and into Thursday, Russian news agency TASS reported.