Robert S. McNamara, the former US secretary of defense who was vilified for carrying out the Vietnam War, died Monday at the age of 93.
McNamara was fundamentally associated with the Vietnam War, dubbed "McNamara's war," the country's most disastrous foreign venture, the only American war to end in abject withdrawal rather than victory.
Known as a policymaker with a fixation for statistical analysis, McNamara was recruited to run the Pentagon by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 from the presidency of the Ford Motor Co. He stayed seven years, longer than anyone since the job's creation in 1947.
His association with Vietnam became intensely personal. Even his son, as a Stanford University student, protested against the war while his father was running it. At Harvard, McNamara once had to flee a student mob through underground utility tunnels. Critics mocked McNamara mercilessly; they made much of the fact that his middle name was "Strange."
In the Kennedy administration, McNamara was a key figure in both the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961 and the Cuban missile crisis 18 months later. The crisis was the closest the world came to a nuclear confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.
After leaving the Pentagon on the verge of a nervous breakdown, McNamara became president of the World Bank and devoted evangelical energies to the belief that improving life in rural communities in developing countries was a more promising path to peace than the buildup of arms and armies.
McNamara served as defense secretary in the Johnson administration during the Six Day War of 1967. Prior to the war, in April 1967, McNamara made recommendations to reject Israel's arms request for armored personnel carriers. One month later at a conference with former Israeli foreign minister Abba Eban, McNamara and other American officials recommended that Israel not attack Egypt despite the knowledge that Egypt had massed forces along the Israeli border.
"Robert McNamara was an American patriot, a statesman, a war-planner and shaper of defense policy who later in life become one of world's foremost advocates for a sharp reduction in global nuclear arsenals," Jason Isaacson, the director of governmental and international affairs for the American Jewish Committee, told The Jerusalem Post in an e-mail. "In the run-up to the Six Day War in June 1967, he joined President Johnson in trying to discourage Israel from preemptive military action after Egypt had blockaded the Straits of Tiran, moved tens of thousands of troops into position in the Sinai, and readied war plans against Israel."
"But in the midst of the war, he came to Israel's defense through US actions aimed at keeping the Soviet Union out of the conflict," Isaacson said. "In addition to his controversial role in Vietnam, he will be remembered for his resolute defense of US interests throughout a long career of public service - and his clear recognition that, although the US may sometimes differ with its friends, it must be ever mindful of their security needs, and must not leave their side when they are in peril."
A private person, McNamara for many years declined to write his memoirs, to lay out his view of the war and his side in his quarrels with his generals. In the early 1990s he began to open up. He told Time magazine in 1991 that he did not think the bombing of North Vietnam - the biggest bombing campaign in history at that time - would work, but he went along with it "because we had to try to prove it would not work, number one, and (because) other people thought it would work."
Finally, in 1993, after the Cold War ended, he decided to write his memoirs because some of the lessons of Vietnam were applicable to the post-Cold War period, "odd as though it may seem."
In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam appeared in 1995. McNamara disclosed that by 1967 he had deep misgivings about Vietnam - by then he had lost faith in America's capacity to prevail over a guerrilla insurgency that had driven the French from the same jungle countryside.
Despite those doubts, he had continued to express public confidence that the application of enough American firepower would cause the Communists to make peace. In that period, the number of US casualties - dead, missing and wounded - went from 7,466 to over 100,000.
"We of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations acted according to what we thought were the principles and traditions of our country. But we were wrong. We were terribly wrong," McNamara, then 78, told The Associated Press in an interview ahead of the book's release.
The best-selling mea culpa renewed the national debate about the war and prompted bitter criticism against its author. "Where was he when we needed him?" a Boston Globe editorial asked. A New York Times editorial referred to McNamara as offering the war's dead only a "prime-time apology and stale tears, three decades late."
McNamara wrote that he and others had not asked the five most basic questions: "Was it true that the fall of South Vietnam would trigger the fall of all Southeast Asia? Would that constitute a grave threat to the West's security? What kind of war - conventional or guerrilla - might develop? Could we win it with US troops fighting alongside the South Vietnamese? Should we not know the answers to all these questions before deciding whether to commit troops? He discussed similar themes in the 2003 documentary The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara. With the US in the first year of the war in Iraq, it became a popular and timely art-house attraction and won the Oscar for best documentary feature.
The Iraq war, with its similarities to Vietnam, at times brought up McNamara's name, in many cases in comparison with another unpopular defense secretary, Donald H. Rumsfeld. McNamara was among former secretaries of defense and state who met twice with President Bush in 2006 to discuss Iraq war policies.
McNamara served as the World Bank president for 12 years. He tripled its loans to developing countries and changed its emphasis from grandiose industrial projects to rural development.
After retiring in 1981, he championed the causes of nuclear disarmament and aid by the richest nation for the world's poorest. He became a global elder statesman.
McNamara's trademarks were his rimless glasses, slicked down hair and his reliance on quantitative analysis to reach conclusions, calmly promulgated in a husky voice.
