Teeth

Teeth from 13 Grande Armée soldiers in a Vilnius grave give first genetic proof that infections, with famine and cold, helped cause the loss of 300,000 men during Napoleon’s retreat from Russia.

Scientists used the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility to X-ray the tiny fossil and reveal high-resolution details.

"People often focus on the tools themselves but forget that the real innovation was that people brought raw materials from one place to another," said archeologist Rick Potts.

"This discovery confirms the hypothesis that behavioral adaptations, such as the deliberate choice to eat new foods, can precede morphological changes, playing a key role in evolution."

Wet cooking and pit steaming allowed for high extraction rates without damaging the teeth, also cooking the meat to make it edible.

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"We didn't want the measurement to create an additional source of stress, so we asked ourselves: can we create a detection device that becomes an integral part of the daily routine?"